Biofilm-Mediated Enhanced Crude Oil Degradation by

International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Diesel Engine Oil Degrading Bacteria from Garage Soil and Comparison of their Bioremediation Potential Teli Nikhil1, Verma Deepa2, Gavankar Rohan1 and Bhalerao Satish3 1 Department of Biotechnology, Viva College, Virar (W), Maharashtra, INDIA 2 Department of Botany, Viva College, Virar (w), Maharashtra, INDIA 3 Department of Botany, Wilson College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA Available online at: www. sca. in Received 30th November 2012, revised 12th January 2013, accepted 25th January 2013 Abstract The rate of biodegradation of diesel engine oil by microorganisms isolated from garage soil (petroleum contaminated soil) was studied. Modified diesel engine oil medium was used and two most abundant microorganisms were isolated from garage soil – Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were found to be hydrocarbon degraders and these two bacteria’s were selected for the degradation test. The degradation of diesel engine oil was monitored at a five day interval up to twenty five day period, using gravimetric method.After 25 days of incubation period, Pseudomonas sp. degraded 67. 57 % of the oil and Micrococcus sp. with 52. 95 %. But the mixture of Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were found to have great potential to degrade diesel engine oil i. e. 89. 98 % after 25 days. The rate of degradation of diesel engine oil by Micrococcus sp. was found to be 7. 48 x 10-4gm/hr and that of Pseudomonas sp. was 9. 55 x 10-4gm/hr while the mixture of both bacterial isolates showed highest rate of degradation of diesel engine oil i. e. 1. 27 x 10-3gm/hr.Keywords: Bioremediation, Diesel engine oil, oil spills, hydrocarbon degraders, Micrococcus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. Introduction As we dig deeper into the modern industrial age of technologies, several aspects of human life change. People benefit largely from life development and many live in prosperity, but prosperity has a price. This price is paid by our environment that suffers daily from all kinds of pollutants and destruction. People now have to find ways to cure this destruction. Oil contamination is one of the most dangerous pollution factors known today.It can cause a threat to the environment. It is very feared by environmentalists and it's very hard to control if it gets out of hand. Oil spills have been a major issue across decades. One of the famous oil spills which are also ongoing is in Taylor Energy Well in Gulf of Mexico, U. S. A caused due to Hurricane; Sept 16, 2004 till present date and almost 0. 03- 0. 05 tones oil/per day is estimated to leak. Another recent oil spill was in Mumbai (India) and caused due to the leakage in Mumbai-Uran pipeline dated January 21, 2011 and about 55 tons of oil was leaked in Arabian Sea.Various such accidents occur throughout the years and it causes damage to our surrounding. Diesel engine oil, which is one of the major products of crude oil, constitutes a major source of pollution in our environment. With the combined dependence on diesel engine oil by some vehicles and generators, greater quantities are being transported over long distances. Therefore diesel engine oil can enter into the environment through wrecks of oil tankers carrying diesel oil, cleaning of diesel tanks by merchants, war ships carrying diesel oil and motor mechanics1. Diesel oil spills on agricultural land generally reduce plant growth.Suggested reasons for the reduced plant growth in diesel oil contaminated soils range from direct toxic effect on plants2 and reduced germination to unsatisfactory soil condition due to insufficient aeration of the soil because of the displacement of air from the space between the soil particles by diesel engine oil3. Among several clean–up techniques available to remove petroleum hydrocarbons fr om the soil and groundwater, bioremediation processes are gaining ground due to their simplicity, higher efficiency and cost–effectiveness when compared to other technologies4.This study was therefore designed to monitor the rate of biodegradation of diesel engine oil (hydrocarbon) by microorganisms isolated from garage soil (petroleum contaminated soil), by using gravimetric method. Material and Methods Preparation of modified diesel oil medium: The modified diesel oil medium comprised of 0. 7 gm K2HPO4, 0. 1 gm (NH4)2SO4, 0. 3 gm KH2PO4, 0. 3 gm MgSO4 7H2O, 2. 2 gm agar – agar5. The mineral components of the medium were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and mixed with 2 ml of Gulf diesel engine oil. The medium was autoclaved at 121oC for 15 min. International Science Congress Association 8 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Envir onment Sci. Enrichment of microorganisms: Microorganisms capable of degrading diesel engine oil were enriched in sterile modified diesel engine oil medium by inoculating soil (which was collected from Maharashtra garage, 65 years old garage at Sewri) in to the medium in 250 ml conical flask. 0. 5 gm of this garage soil was inoculated in to the 100 ml of sterile modified diesel oil broth and allowed to incubate at 37oC for 1 week.Isolation of microorganisms: After 1 week of incubation period, 1 drop of enriched culture was spread on to the sterile modified diesel oil agar plate. The plate was incubated at 37oC for 48 hr. After 48 hr incubation; two different bacterial colonies were selected from incubated plate. Each bacterial colony type was sub cultured repeatedly onto sterile nutrient agar plates to obtain a pure culture. Pure cultures of bacterial isolates were identified on the basis of their colonial morphology, cellular morphology and biochemical characteristics according to t he taxonomic scheme of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology6.Determination of microbial colony numbers for degradation studies: 5 ml of sterile Nutrient broth was aseptically inoculated with a loopful of pure culture of Colony 1(C1) in first test tube and Colony 2 (C2) in second test tube and incubated both the tubes at 37oC for 24 hr. After incubation, the numbers of organisms present in one ml of nutrient broth were determined by spread plate method. The numbers of organisms were adjusted in both the tubes in such a way that both the isolates contain approximately equal numbers of microorganism in one ml of sample by using sterile Nutrient broth as a diluent7.Soil sample collection and preparation: Top surface soil sample was collected from the premises of the Shahid Bhagatsingh Ground, Kalachowki; in sterilized plastic containers. Soil sample meant for degradation studies was sterilized using autoclave at 121oC for 15 min, after which it was allowed to cool to roo m temperature for further treatments. Description and treatment of samples: Test: i. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml culture of C1, ii. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 48 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml culture of C 2, iii. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 1 ml culture of C1+ 0. 1 ml culture of C 2 Control: 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml of sterile distilled water. Diesel oil degradation studies: The ability of C1, C2 and mixture of both the bacterial isolates to degrade diesel oil was monitored on the first day (day zero) of the study and subsequently at 5-day interval for 25 days.Carbon tetrachloride was employed as an extractant. On each day, two samples per single treatment were analyzed for the quantity of residual dies el oil7. Each of the 15gm soil treatment samples was mixed with 40 ml of carbon tetrachloride, placed in a separating conical flask, shaken vigorously for 3 min and allowed to settle for 5 min. The liquid phase was separated by allowing the supernatant (diesel oil – carbon tetrachloride) to pass gradually through a funnel fitted with filter paper (Whatman No 1). Anhydrous sodium sulphate spread on the filter paper was employed to remove any moisture in the mixture.The liquid phase was collected in a 50-ml pre-weighed beaker. The beaker containing the extract was placed in an oven and the extractant allowed to evaporate at 50oC. The beaker with the residual diesel oil was allowed to cool to room temperature and weighed to determine the quantity of residual diesel oil by difference8. Results and Discussion In this study, the soil samples were gathered from the garage (oil contaminated site) because the capability of native bacterial population to mineralize crude oil hydrocarbo ns in oil contaminated sites was confirmed before by many scientists9.The rate of biodegradation of Diesel engine oil by hydrocarbonoclastic organisms isolated from garage soil were assessed. Table – 1 and table – 2 shows that, using cultural characteristics and biochemical characteristics, two bacterial isolates; Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were identified by compairing it with the Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. The number of CFU/ml of both the bacterial isolates was adjusted to 7. 88 x 107 CFU/ml for degradation studies. The biodegraders which were Micrococcus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. and Mixture of both the culture showed different abilities in the breakdown and utilization of the diesel engine oil. Character Colony 1 Colony 2 Size 1-2 mm 2-3 mm Table-1 Colony characteristics of bacterial isolates on Nutrient agar plate Shape Elevation Colour Consistency Circular Irregular Convex Flat Yellowish Fluorescent green Butyrous Mucoidal Opacity Opaque Translucent International Science Congress Association 49 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int.Res. J. Environment Sci. Table-2 Biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates C1 Positive Cocci Clusters No spore Non motile Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation Acidic, No gas, No H2S Negative Negative Negative Positive Micrococcus sp. Character Gram stain Morphology Arrangement Endospore Motility Catalase Oxidase Citrate Indole Gelatin Glucose fermentation Lactose fermentation Sucrose fermentation Mannitol fermentation Tripple sugar iron Methyl red Voges proskauer Nitrate reduction Urea OrganismC2 Negative Rods Solitary No spore Sluggishly Motile Positive Positive Positive Negative Positive No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation Alkaline, No gas, No H2S Negative Neg ative Negative Negative Pseudomonas sp. Table-3 Weight of diesel engine oil extracted (on various days) from 15 gm soil samples polluted with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterilized diesel oil and 0. 2 ml of culture Day Sample I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV Weight of diesel oil extracted (gm) 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 807 gm 0. 801 gm 0. 30 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 787 gm 0. 639 gm 0. 639 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 663 gm 0. 348 gm 0. 483 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 545 gm 0. 290 gm 0. 271 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 399 gm 0. 275 gm 0. 085 gm 0. 848 gm Weight of diesel oil degraded (gm) 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 041 0. 047 0. 018 0. 000 0. 061 0. 209 0. 209 0. 000 0. 185 0. 500 0. 365 0. 000 0. 303 0. 558 0. 577 0. 000 0. 449 0. 573 0. 763 0. 000 Rate of degradation (gm/hr) 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 3. 42 x 10-4 3. 92 x 10-4 1. 50 x 10-4 0. 00 2. 54 x 10-4 8. 71 x 10-4 8. 71 x 10-4 0. 00 5. 14 x 10-4 1. 39 x 10-3 1. 01 x 10-3 0. 00 6. 31 x 10-4 1. 6 x 10-3 1. 20 x 10-3 0. 0 0 7. 48 x 10-4 9. 55 x 10-4 1. 27 x 10-3 0. 00 0 5 10 15 20 25 *values are means of twice determinations. Key: i. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Micrococcus sp. ii. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Pseudomonas sp. iii. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Micrococcus sp. + Pseudomonas sp. IV. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil International Science Congress Association 50 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J.Environment Sci. Diesel engine oil degradation study by Micrococcus sp: It was seen that the rate of diesel oil degradation by Micrococcus sp. was slow as compared to the rate of degradation of diesel oil by Pseudomonas sp. and mixture of Micrococcus sp. and pseudomonas sp. But the diesel oil degradation potential of Micrococcus sp. was continuously increasing as the time of contact between oil and organism increased. D iesel engine oil degradation study by Pseudomonas sp: It can be seen that the efficiency of Pseudomonas sp. to degrade diesel engine oil is faster than that of Micrococcus sp.As the incubation period increases the rate of degradation of diesel engine oil also increases. But it was seen that till 15th day, the rate of degradation was much faster. This was probably due to the exponential phase of the cell growth but after that the rate of degradation was slightly decreased. It was possibly because of cells of the Pseudomonas sp. were near to its stationary phase of cell growth. Diesel engine oil degradation study by mixture of Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp: The weight of diesel oil extracted from soil containing diesel engine oil and mixture of both bacterial isolates i. . Micrococcus sp. + Pseudomonas sp. showed continuous weight loss till the 25th day of incubation period. After 5th day of incubation period it was seen that there was a drastic increase in the rate of diesel oil degradation till the 25th day of incubation period which was quite higher than that of the single culture of Micrococcus sp. as well as that of the Pseudomonas sp. In this case it was found that around 90% of the diesel engine oil was degraded after 25th day and rate of degradation of diesel oil was found to be continuously increasing i. e. 1. 50 x 10-4gm/hr after 5th day to 1. 7 x 10-3gm/hr after 25th day. Conclusion When Micrococcus sp. is used in combination with Pseudomonas sp. it showed a great potential to diesel oil degradation. This was probably due to the different enzyme system from two different bacterial isolates that acts on hydrocarbon at a time which proved to be an excellent option to degrade that hydrocarbon if both the bacterial enzyme system posses considerable efficiency to act upon it and to degrade it10. This was followed by single culture of Pseudomonas sp and then Micrococcus sp. The oil degradation by Pseudomonas sp. as not surprising not only because it wa s isolated from garage soil which was already contaminated by oil and grease but also because it is known to possess a more competent and active hydrocarbon degrading enzyme system than Micrococcus sp. It is known to be fast growing and is capable of degrading a wide variety of organic compounds11. In the case of Micrococcus sp. which is also known to posses the considerable efficiency to use it as an oil degrader, but it requires more time compared to that of the Pseudomonas sp. Figure–1 Comparison of % Diesel engine oil degradationInternational Science Congress Association 51 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Figure–2 Comparison: Rate of Diesel engine oil degradation (gm/hr) By using biological processes, as in the case of bioremediation, usually lowers the costs as compared to chemical treatment processes for variou s contaminated sites. It is also less disturbing to the environment. However, because it is a natural process, it requires time.The above experiment shows that bioremediation can be used effectively to treat oil contaminated soil. The remarkable rate of diesel oil degradation by bacterial isolates shown by this method allows for the safe and convenient use of this microorganism in the oil contaminated area. Moreover the results obtained from the comparison between the diesel oil degrading ability of Pseudomonas sp. , Micrococcus sp. and mixture of both helps them to use in different bioremediation processes based upon their efficiencies. And the advantages of employing mixed cultures as opposed to pure cultures in bioremediation have been demonstrated. . 3. Baker J. M. , Mangroove swamps and the oil Industry, Environ. Pollut. Bull. , 12 (1982) Zahir A. Z. , Malik M. A. R. and Arshad M. , The effect of oil pollution of soil on germination, growth and nutrient uptake of corn, Journal of Environmental Quality, 4, 537-540 (2001) Adriano Pinto Mariano, Ana Paula de Arruda Geraldes Kataoka, Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis Daniel Marcos Bonotto, Laboratory study on the bioremediation of diesel oil contaminated soil from a petrol station, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38(2), (2007) Nwaogu L.A. , Onyeze G. O. C and Nwabueze R. N. , Degradation of diesel oil in a polluted soil using Bacillus subtilis, African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 1939-1943 (2008) Bergey D. H. , Holt John G. , et al, Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins (1994) Dong-ju Kim, Seung-gun Chung, Sang-hyup Lee and Jae-woo Choi, Relation of microbial biomass to counting units for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, African Journal of Microbiology, 6(21), 4620-4622 (2012) Udeme J. J. , Antai S. P. Biodegradation and Mineralization of Crude oil by Bacteria, Niger. J. Biotechnol. , 5: 77-85. (1988) Akhavan Sepahi, I. Dejban Golpasha, M. Emami, A. M. Nakhoda, Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng. , 5(3), 149-154 (2008) crude oil by bacteria, Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology, 5, 7986 (1988) 4. 5. 6. 7. Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to: Management, VIVA Trust, Virar (w) Maharashtra. K. P. N. Kutty, Co-Ordinator, VIVA Trust, Virar (w) Maharashtra. , Dr. R. D.Bhagat, Principal, VIVA College, Virar (w) Maharashtra, Non Teaching Staff , Dept. Biological sciences ,VIVA College Virar (w) Maharashtra. 8. 9. 10. Ijah U. J. J. , Antai S. P. , Degradation and mineralization of References 1. Hill G. B. , Moxey J. G. , Gasoline and Diesel oil In: Gathee VB (ed) Petroleum Product Handbook Mc-Grew Hill, 4, 1-4 NY (1980) 11. Ijah U. J. J. , Okang C. N. , Petroleum Degrading capabilities of bacteria isolated from soil, W. A. J. Biol. Appl. Chem. , 38(1-4), 915 (1993) International Science Congress Association 52

Theories of Crime Causation

American Intercontinental University Unit 1 Individual Project CRJS 105 – Theories of Crime Causation November 11th, 2010 Abstract The following will examine the differences between criminalists, criminologists and forensic psychologists. It will then transition into how what exactly is a white collar crime and a blue collar crime. Lastly the paper will discuss the differences between index-one and index-two crimes as defined by the UCR. Media Portrayal of Crime Introduction With the prevalence of crime being portrayed in the media world, it can be difficult for the modern American to decipher all the aspects of crime. Criminology, the study of crime and its causes, is a excellent way to find out just what makes a criminals mind tick. Although it may be hard to know just what makes a person commit a crime, having a better understanding of the base of criminal justice aspects may be of assistance. Criminologists, Criminalists, and Forensic Psychologists With a plethora of jobs out there relating to the field of criminal justice, it may become overwhelming to try and decide who does what and how they do it. To have a better understanding of such fields one must know exactly what each field does separately from the other. A criminologist uses sociological theories and methods to study criminal behavior and how societies respond to crime (Hall, 2010). This means the criminologist seeks to find out the mentality behind a crime and how that thinking affects the society as a whole. By creating theories as to why of how this crime was committed the criminologist can form a wide array of possible answers for the crime. A criminologist would most likely be in an office but regularly would attend a crime scene to interview witnesses and others to gather sociological data about the crime. A criminalist examines physical evidence using investigative skills and practical experience. A criminalist is forced to look at nothing but the physical evidence of a crime without prejudice of the person or persons involved. This type of crime evaluation allows for an individual to make findings based on what is physically presented before them. In way you can say that evidence doesn’t lie so the criminalist should not be able to either as they are required to follow the evidence. A criminalist would be most commonly found at the site of the crime collecting physical evidence related to the crime. After the collection a criminalist would be typically found at a crime laboratory, analyzing the collected evidence. Forensic Psychology is the application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system (abfp. com, 2010). This side of the criminal justice world refers to strictly the legal side of a crime. In this profession and individual would focus primarily on the criminal/person/persons on trial, as well as any other individual as it related to the case and would be required to provide an expert opinion on topics such as sanity, and competency. The psychologist enters the mind of the individual through a series of interviews and allows a better understanding of the person beneath what we see on the surface. Criminologists are typically found at interviews and trials related to the crime. This would typically be at the police station of in a courtroom. Misconceptions of such fields With constant development of new television shows relating to police work, as well as media portrayal of the criminal justice field, there can often be misconceptions placed upon these fields of work. A common misconception related to the field of criminology (criminologist) is that they live a life of danger and unpredictability. While the criminal mind can be unpredictable criminologists often stay low key and behind the scenes as they are analyzing the criminal mind and would not want to compromise that by running around in the field. In the life of a criminalist, the most common misconception has been brought on by the onslaught of television shows such as CSI and all its spin offs. The typical criminalist doesn’t run around shooting at bad guys in the newest designer jeans, or analyzing evidence in seconds. A criminalist is usually in a decontaminated suit and gloves doing nothing but collecting evidence. They are not there to fight crime nor solve it, they are there specifically for evidence collection (Criminalist, 2009). And as for the seconds long analysis, it’s more like weeks for a result to be returned, sorry to burst your bubble! Finally, a forensic psychologist may look like a cool job on the television show Profiler, but in actuality, there is much more to it than what is portrayed. While criminal profiling is one aspect of this field, there are many more unseen. They work in a wide variety of settings connected to law, depending on their prominence in forensic psychology. Clinical psychologists in the forensic field, for example, may work in a mental health center, a hospital, a prison, or a private agency. Developmental psychologists are found in both medical and academic settings, as well as give consults in court in regards to the behavior or testimony of children. So as you can see the media skews our view of what these individuals actually do and are responsible for. White Collar Crime vs. Blue Collar Crime When you first hear the terms white collar crime and blue collar crime, you may think, â€Å"People who commit crime are classified by the color of their collars? † On the contrary that is not the case. The terms White Collar and Blue Collar refer to the class of society in which a crime is committed. Blue collar crime typically refers to such crimes that are most likely committed by individuals in a lower class of society. Crimes of this nature are typically unplanned, spontaneous and sometimes involve direct harm to a person or property of others. An example of a blue collar crime would be an armed robbery of a bank of store by a person who is desperate. On the contrary, white collar crime is usually found among a higher class in society and consists of corporate, state and high tech crimes (Mojolaw. com, 2010). A good example of white collar crimes would be things such as Ponzi schemes, pyramid schemes, and the Enron debacle. White collar crimes are most often planned and well thought out as they take a lot of attention to commit. Often the person/persons involved have a lot of money to provide a defense for themselves if caught. For this student, who watches media quite regularly it is hard to make a determination as to which type of crime is more prevalent. You constantly hear of more and more people desperate for money in these hard times so, blue collar crimes are being committed more. But it can also be argued that the white collar side is hurting to so there are more stories of fraud and schemes taking place. This student would have to say though, blue collar crime tends to be more focused on because it usually involves a form of violence which the media seems to gravitate towards. Index-One vs. Index-Two Crime As defined by the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook of 2004, Index-One crimes are considered to be the most heinous. The crimes include but are not limited to, Criminal Homicide, Forcible Rape, Robbery and Aggravated Assault. It can be assumed that all serious felonies will fall under an index-one crime. Index-Two crimes are all other crimes that do not constitute a classification in Index-One. These crimes consist of less serious offenses such as fraud, vandalism, disorderly conduct, and DUI. These would be all arrestable offenses that are reported to the FBI’s statistics center. These crime indexes have no fine line, as there is a huge difference between the two. Index one crimes often involve physical harm to an individual whereas index two crimes are typically considered petty. When making a judgment as to which crimes that fall under Index one are violent or not, that can be left up to ones interpretation of violence. You have to consider each situation differently because, although motor vehicle theft in of itself is not violent, if aggravated assault occurs than that theft becomes violent. This student would have to conclude that in most cases all crimes listed under Index one offenses, they would be considered violent. Conclusion The media will continue to skew the aspects of crime, and that has been happening for years. It is up to the public to want to obtain the truth about what a specific job or career actually entails. If a person lives their life believing everything they hear from someone else, then they are simply uninformed of the truth. Crime will always be a hot topic throughout society, so society must become educated in all facets of the criminal world (without committing crime itself). References The Differences Between Criminology and Forensic Science (2010). Hall, Shane. Retrieved on 11-Nov-2010 from http://www. ehow. com/list_6109148_differences-criminology-_amp_-forensic-science. html Criminalist. Criminal Justice USA (2009). Retrieved on 10-Nov-2010 from http://www. criminaljusticeusa. com/criminalist. html ABFP Brochure. Forensic Psychology. (2010). American Board of Forensic Psychology. Retrieved on 11-Nov-2010 from http://www. abfp. com/brochure. asp Forensic Psychology – Myths and Truths. (2010). All Star Directories, Inc.. Retrieved on 09-Nov-2010 from http://www. allpsychologyschools. com/psychology-careers/community/forensic-psychology-myths Mojo Law. (2010). Blue Collar and White Collar Crime, Mojolaw. com. Retrieved on 13-Nov-2010 from http://www. mojolaw. com/info/cl020 Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook. (2004). Federal Bureau of Investigations. , Retrieved on 09-Nov-2010 from http://www. fbi. gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/additional-ucr-publications/ucr_handbook. pdf

Secondary Ticket Market Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Secondary Ticket Market - Case Study Example There are many sports admiration officers who do not think in terms of profit and loss of revenue only. They evaluate the possibility of secondary ticket market from an ethical perspective. They don’t like to endorse organizations that would resell tickets at higher prices. It is one thing to let the secondary market operate and quite another telling the fans that ‘the teams have run out of tickets but if they are interested they can buy the ticket at three times the face value from their partners’. Analysis and Evaluation of Alternatives Despite offering problems, secondary ticket market also serves as an indicator for setting ticket prices. The sports officials can use secondary market data to tweak their ticket prices to maximize profits. Another benefit is the teams who engage with the secondary ticket market can redistribute full or partial plan holders. This is important because according to an estimate 20% of the ticket holders never show up at the game ind icating a loss on the revenue. To keep the tickets from being wasted the team administration can avail the opportunity in secondary ticket market that lets the fans exchange ticket they are not planning to use. As an example the San Francisco Giants implemented this plan the first and they reduced the non-use of tickets by 50%. Evaluation of Case Secondary ticket market offers its own pros and cons. Some teams saw the potential and the benefits it offered so they started to build partnerships with ticket sellers such as StubHub, RazorGator and Ticketmaster to make the exchanges between buyer and seller as secure as possible. NFL, after some resistance, also came to terms with Ticketmaster. The deal allowed Ticketmaster to create a website similar to NFL where buyers and sellers of tickets meet. The case evaluation suggests many possible options however, from the discussion and the interviews in the case it is apparent that business philosophies move from top to bottom; one doesnâ₠¬â„¢t just change the whole model of their business based on an opportunity. As the case suggests that after the internet boom it is almost impossible to foresee who ends up with the original ticket. Some of the teams have such a low inventory that when brokers buy the tickets the primary market becomes nonexistent. The teams at NFL face the dilemma where they have to decide whether to capture the whole of their respective secondary market share and damage their relation with the public or endorse the secondary market, enjoy the additional revenues. There cannot be any hard and fast rule regarding ticket reselling or the concept of secondary market. For some teams and their fans the availability of an unregulated secondary ticket market might be the best thing that could happen. For instance the teams who don’t like the idea of tweaking their ticket prices to a great degree and are alright with the negative publicity brought down by the image of reselling tickets at a premium , they can benefit in more than one way by participating in an open secondary market. They will get additional revenue that they can pour into their operations. The benefits go beyond monitory measurements. The ability to resell tickets is also a great way to retain season ticket holders. The opposite of this opportunity can be devastating at so many levels. If a season ticket holder cannot resell tickets there is a direct loss of revenue and the customer. More importantly if

Mitt Romney is the Best Choice for the Republican Nomination (2011) Research Paper

Mitt Romney is the Best Choice for the Republican Nomination (2011) - Research Paper Example Now he stands as a candidate for the Republican nomination to become President of the United States. This paper will identify qualities which best qualify him for this nomination, as well as qualities which might raise a question mark in the minds of the American public. Rivals for the nomination will be briefly considered. The central thesis of this paper is that Mitt Romney is, in fact, the best choice for the Republican nomination. America is in need of strong leadership, solid financial management, and thorough analysis of all sides of a variety of social, health, educational, economic, military, and moral issues which currently foster so much conflict domestically and internationally. Leadership is critical because it can lead to unity (collective identity and authentic negotiation) and survival (safety and prosperity). Solid financial management is critical because the economy is in bad shape; the national deficit is embarrassing; and in the course of meeting political prioriti es, families are homeless, freezing and starving on the streets. Analytic skills are vital in order to sort through competing priorities, introduce creative solutions which represent the interests of the people in a fair manner, and develop a strong base for success. Supporters and critics of Romney have identified him as a person with strong leadership skills. Hewitt asserts that Romney, a moderate, has â€Å"talent for politics and leadership,† beyond that of other politicians (4). Warring factions in the bipartisan political arena need an inspiring and influential leader, with the ability to unite opposing forces toward mutually beneficial goals. Mitt’s leadership ability is demonstrated in his distinguished accomplishments in private and public sectors. He redeemed the morale and credibility of the Salt Lake Olympics, in his capacity as event organizer. He garnered support from the public sector, private entities, and athletes, correcting past distortions in Salt L ake leadership (Westerbeek and Smith 44). Leadership is tested when there is a crisis, requiring quick analysis and resolution. Mitt’s ability to negotiate bipartisan concerns and influence the government was exhibited when he signed the bill for reformation of health care in Massachusetts (Foer 133). Mitt Romney’s formal education in management was acquired at Stanford University (two semesters), Brigham Young University (BA) and Harvard Law School (graduated Cum Laude) (Algiere 105). His management skills were further developed when he entered the Boston Consulting Group, and were polished as Vice President of Bain & Company and co-founder of Bain Capital (Algiere 105). Romney saved the shrinking company from bankruptcy, without employee dismissal. He compiled a profit of over $100 million during the 2002 Olympic Winter Games. He has a reputation for having a strong work ethic. Consequently, public and private sectors trust him, making fundraising successful (Algiere 106). The USA suffers from a significant budget deficit, due to government spending. If Romney is chosen for the Republican nomination, his strategic skills in business and financial management will help to regain what has been lost. During his 2008 campaign, Romney stressed that he can â€Å"balance the State’s out-of-control budget and attract new business to revive the economy† (Foer 133). All kinds of empty promises are made by politicians, but Romney’s past success justifies public confidence in the veracity

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Management - Essay Example While performing analysis of my work history and my related experience, I learnt that by understanding management theories like Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Herzberg motivation theory and equity theory I became a better worker as I was able to assess the factors that motivated and de-motivated me. I have worked in a security agency full time for around five years now. During this period, I have worked in security for two years and later on I was rotated to the management department. During the first two years of my employment, it was difficult for me to adjust as work conditions were not amiable and I did not get along well with my manager. Due to these differences, I was least motivated to come over to work let along giving my 100 percent input towards the job. Although salary package and other benefits were market-competitive and the job was stable even during times of recession however it was not fulfilling for me. Secondly, due to differences with my manager, I was also fi nding it hard to be a part of special assignments since the guidelines were not clear or his attitude was not acceptable for me. As a result, my relationship with other co-workers was also getting strained. I shared my discontent with my HR manager and how I would wish to stay with the company but things were getting difficult. After listening to my concerns and checking out my performance record, HR department rotated me to the management department. After a while, I liked my work and also the work environment in the deportment. I realized that manager was also very considerate. In fact, he used to pay personal consideration to every team member and also treat them after considering their personal needs. After spending an year in this department, I came to know that one of my friends who was also at the same position, was getting more salary than me which lowered my motivation for a little while despite other work related elements remaining the same. After talking to my department manager in an appraisal meeting, I shared my expectations with them and received the desired raise. These changes in my motivation level made me analyze the factors that had a tendency of affecting my willingness to work effectively and efficiently with the same company. For this purpose, I studied few management theories and tried to identify basic reasons behind changes in my motivation level. In the beginning of my career, I was content with my work and also with the working conditions. However, my tolerance for adverse working conditions changed after my friend told me about other positions. Analyzing my attitude towards work conditions in the light of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, I realized that my basic physiological, safety and belonging needs were fully satisfied since I had other opportunities along with family support (Torrington, Laura and Stephen 313). Therefore, I needed more esteem at workplace as the attitude of manager was not conducive enough. I realized that satisfaction of basic needs has an important role in other overall satisfaction level regarding work. Secondly, when I was shifted in the management department, I found the work conditions very amiable. Although salary, benefits and other facilities remained the same but nature of work became very interesting as manager was really supportive. Studying Herzberg theory helped me understanding that

Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Evidence - Essay Example s the right â€Å"to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The common arguments have been that it is illegal to conduct a search without a search warrant on the part of the law enforcement officer. Although the provisions of the Fourth Amendment hold that the right of a person against illegal searches is inviolable, there are exemptions to the enforcement of this right. Apprehensions on the road are one of the areas where the person may not legally invoke the Fourth Amendment1. In the case of Pennsylvania v Mimms2, the court rules that drivers and passengers have no Fourth Amendment right not to be ordered out of their vehicle once a proper stop is made. According to the case of California v Carney3, â€Å"The Constitution affords a lesser degree of protection for a vehicle than a residence because of the vehicle’s ready mobility†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, the decision of this case should be tempered with the test of reasonableness enunciated under the case of Delaware v Prouse4 where the Court warned that there must be a reasonable ground for stopping the vehicle such as the reasonable suspicion that the driver do not have a license and that the vehicle is not registered. A law enforcement officer manning traffic should not just arbitrarily stop vehicles without just cause as this is a clear violation of the Fourth Amendment right of the driver and the passengers. In case of Maryland v Wilson, the Court ruled that where the driver has committed a â€Å"minor vehicular offense† there is no reason to stop and detain the passengers. However, since technically, the passengers have already been stopped when the vehicle was stopped, the fact that they are requested by the law enforcement officers to disembark from the vehicle is of little concern. In the case of Michigan v Long it was ruled that an officer making a traffic stop may order passengers to get out of the car pending completion of the stop. In connection

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Business Environment - Essay Example However, it is reported that there have been shallow analyses of the causes of failure in merger and the measures of success are often weak (Epstein, 2005). With this information, there must be substantial reasons to be used in order for merger to be justified as a failure and the right manner to be considered in its evaluation. This means that the determination of successful or failure merger considers the right evaluation and reasons in order to determine reliability of information involved in the issue. Evaluating the success or failure of mergers is not an easy task. For instance, the newly merged companies might be well good to look from the outside but in reality there is more to it when it comes to knowing the real event happening inside. It might be very important to find out if the newly merged employees from Africa and China have been doing just fine together or the other way around. They may look like enjoying their work but it is important to finally know what is inside o f them. This is a very complex scenario and this requires a highly skilled in-charge who will consider all aspects in an organization where there is diversity of people who will be working for the good of the entire operation. This is a great concern in this paper and the proponent wants to give more emphasis on the importance of understanding man power involved because this stands as the company’s ultimate force for the implementation of its corporate agenda. The proponent believes that people are the ultimate ways in which an organization may either prosper or fail. It is in line with this that the entire idea is placed on a proposed merger between a Chinese company and an African company. The proponent is appointed to lead a team consisting of managers from both countries to examine any cultural problems linked to the proposed merger. Thus, the proponent solves this concern by applying the work of Hofstede and Trompenaars in order to evaluate how close would the cultural f it be; and how might find a way to improve cultural understanding between the two groups of managers. However, prior to this, the proponent discusses about some important issues about mergers and the corporate culture in Africa and China. Why Mergers Fail? There is a common assumption that mergers are for the purpose of cutting costs, creating revenues or ensuring growth opportunities. However, one of the concrete reasons why mergers fail is due to issue of control and ownership. It is not easy to carry an organization which is a product of integration between two or more companies because there will be a new level of control and ownership involved. In this case, there are different considerations involved particularly on emphasizing who is the one in-charge or owns the newly integrated companies. In short, there is a significant issue on who will be the one to control the merger. Mergers are not just implemented without a great or significant reason. Two companies need some integra tion due to the fact that it may result to creating more values than staying apart from each other otherwise. Such of this reason can be manifested by understanding different sensible motives for mergers. The first motive is to ensure more strength and knowledge in a specific industry by having horizontal mergers. Most of this type happens between banks or companies at the same business line. The second motive is about

Of mice and men - Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of mice and men - Criminal Justice - Essay Example Thus, in his mind, he did not think it possible to live without his rabbits, which he loved. However, to understand the reasons for which he could not stop himself from murdering Curley’s wife, it is essential to look first at the factors that had made Lennie who he was. First, the events that led up to Lennie’s murder of Curley’s wife show that it was not entirely his fault that he committed the act. To begin with, despite Lennie asking her to leave, she refuses and actually moves closer to him and places his hand on her head (Steinbeck 45), thus beginning the physical connection that eventually results in her death. She did this in the full knowledge that, this was a man who had crushed Curley’s hand and, also killed a small puppy. In this case, it is possible to argue that Lennie was totally responsible for killing Curley’s wife and, therefore, committing manslaughter. This is because he had killed a puppy just before Curley’s wife came into the barn (Steinbeck 42), while he had also been accused of rape when working on a farm in Weed and crushed Curley’s hand. In essence, even though he does not fully understand his crimes, he is aware that he has done wrong as he flees the area and accepts that he has d one wrong. Now, Lennie has murdered another person and, thus, needs to be jailed to protect other people, as well as himself. However, looking at it from another perspective, Lennie is not guilty of homicide because he is mentally handicapped and killing Curley’s wife was not an intentional action. Although he is a grown-up, he is described as being child-like and not responsible for any of his actions. Lennie has shown that he at least has some understanding about what bad behavior entails in the past. For instance, he is aware that his rape in Weed was bad behavior, while he is also aware that killing the small puppy was a

Violent Video Games Essay Example for Free

Violent Video Games Essay Video games are becoming one of the favorite’s children all over the world. Every child could like to behave or act like an artist or actor whose acts are violent. The behavioral patterns of children have changed to violence and wherever they do something or any activity, they do it with a lot of violence, imitating what they saw on the video games. The world is breeding a generation of children who are violent which therefore means that the world in a few tears will be full of a generation of violent people. The minds of these children have also been changed and affected as the continued feeding into their minds with violent video games has made them to be different human beings all together. The sales of video games have grown drastically to a level which is alarming. The impact of excessive watching of the video games is clearly seen as to the way children are behaving and how they have been addicted to watching them. The hypothesis for this discussion could be â€Å"that the continued watching of violent games by the children has caused psychological problems in children and this has resulted to changes in their behavioral patterns. † Allowing the children the watch violent video games is infact doing injustice to them because it is one way of destroying them morally, socially and psychologically. An immediate action has to be taken and that a remedy must be found to protect these children from getting too much exposed to watching violent video games. For the children to grow up and develop into responsible adults in future, parents have the responsibility to find out and know what their children are watching and then take the necessary action. No parent could wish his/her child to be become violent or in any way that is against the good morals. The thesis should be supported because it is meant to protect the children from engaging themselves in watching violent video games that ultimately will influence them to change their morals and imitate bad ones. A research conducted by Anderson, C. A. , Bushman, B. J. (2001) on the Effects of Violent Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior concluded that the more children ere exposed to watching violent video games, the more there are likely to be affected psychologically . This thesis will help the parents and the guardians to be alert to check on what their children are watching and if they notice a strange behavior by their children, then they should be in a position to find out why and take the necessary action. In their book Dill, K. E. , Dill, J. C. (1998). Video Game Violence: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, they argue that parents have a major responsibility of knowing what their children are doing and watching. Failure to do so will be followed by worst consequences that will be their own making. The hypothesis will also give a background for further research on violent video games and their impact on the psychological development of the children. According to the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology on Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and Life by Anderson, C. A. , Dill, K. E. (2000) they argue and urge that more research should be conducted in future to find out the psychological impacts on the children and more related issues should be brought in as the parents are the contributing factors to this issue because they also watch the violent video games with their children. There are those whom may not agree with the hypothesis may be because they have not been able to gather enough evidence or may be they feel and think that children are too young to be psychologically affected by watching violent video games. Children mostly like watching violent videos which shows acts of violence that they later practice. Parents have not been keen to check on what content their children are watching, but they are the first ones to complain about the behavioral changes of their children which are deviant, rude and violent. Over the past few years, several studies (Creasey, G. L. , Myers, B. J. 1986) have been carried on the psychological effects of violent video games on children. The majority of this research looked at the associations between video game use and the aggressive behavior and also on the effects of video games on school performance. Even though the video games are designed for entertaining, challenging and educational, most of them include the violent content. Recent research on video games indicates that as many as 89% of the games contain violent content and therefore, among the games that are purchased and played by the children contains violence. Playing violent video games increases the aggressive behaviors of children, increases their aggressive cognitions, their aggressive emotions, their physiological arousal and decreases their prosocial behaviors. These effects have psychologically affected the children and completely changed their behavioral patterns. Parents do not often put limits on how much time the children are allowed to play video games and how often the same parents checked on the contents of the video games. Even a few of them check the video content and found it to be violent, on a few occasions could deny their children from watching them. (American Academy of Pediatrics, American Psychological Association, 2000) Children have perfected the best ways to convince their parents to buy for them the video games they could like to watch. They even convince their parents that the video games they are about to watch are not violent, to which their parents just accepts without any further investigation. The parents have been victims of violence meted against them by their own children who have become violent through watching violent video games. Children spend most of their time, especially during holidays to watch video games at the expense of their educational studies. The contents of the video games being played could certainly affect the relationship between the amount of their play time and their school performance. Children who use computers to play violent or non-violent video games perform more poorly in school, whereas those who use computers in performing school work performed better. This is clear indicator that excessive or continued watching of violent video games intoxicates the mind and changes the reasoning and concentration of children on educational maters (Dill, K. E. , Dill, J. C. 1998). Teachers in various schools are raising concern on the changed behavior patterns of the children. They are saying that the children have become rude, brutal and bullies amongst the other children and to the teachers. The children feel superior and muscular enough to respond to any fights. The boys are the majority victims than the girls, though girls are also interested in watching violent video games but not as boys. Boys quite often harass girls using the techniques they have watched, liked and imitated. They feel that they are mature enough and can behave exactly like what they watched on the video games. This makes them to forget that they are still young children whose minds have been tainted with violent materials (Van Schie, E. G. M. , Wiegman, O. 1997). Conclusion Children should not be allowed to watch violent video games when they are still young. This greatly affects their psychological development, changing their behavioral patterns. It is painful for parents and guardians when the children they are supposed to take care of become rude, violent, deviant and act as if they are criminals by dressing, way of speaking. It is their responsibility to make sure that whatever material their children watch has the right material content and teaches good morals. If the children will experience psychological problems through watching violent video games, even their academic performance will go down. The acts of violence copied by the children will be of negative impact to them, hence we will in future have a society which will be violent. Something must be done through concerted efforts to rectify the situation before it is too late. As children begin to see the world in aggressive terms and therefore begin to act aggressively, their personality changes to become more aggressive and hostile. These changes will result in increased opportunities for aggressive behavior, because of both changes in the individual’s personality and the changes in the situations the individual (child) is likely to get involved in as others react to the individual. This is all brought about by watching violent video games. Recommendations Several recommendations can be of great help and these include; the parents should play the video games with the children. From this they will be able to know what their children are exposed to watch and how they will react to different features in the game, parents should know their children, in that if a child becomes aggressive after watching violent video games, they should stop buying such games regardless the child’s age, parents should talk with the children if they sense that their children are disturbed after watching a violent video game. This could be an opportunity for the parent and the children to discuss more deeply on the video games, the parents should set limits for watching the video games. Infact they should censor the video games before the children watch them and the video game makers should be informed that the games they are making and selling for children to watch are more violent and bringing more harm to the children and so should make games that are children friendly. The teachers at school should also assist the parents in counseling the children who they discover that they have been victims of watching violent video games. If this has affected their class work, they should inform their parents so that they can look for a way forward together to help these children to return to normality. References American Academy of Pediatrics, American Psychological Association, American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, American Medical Association (2000). Joint Statement on the Impact of Entertainment Violence on Children Anderson, C. A. , Dill, K. E. (2000). Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Anderson, C. A. , Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of Violent Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A meta-analytic Review of the Scientific Literature. Psychological Science. Creasey, G. L. , Myers, B. J. (1986). Video Games and Children: Effects on Leisure Activities, Schoolwork, and Peer Involvement. Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 32 Dill, K. E. , Dill, J. C. (1998). Video Game Violence: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior Lynch, P. J. (1999). Hostility, Type A Behavior, and Stress Hormones at Rest and After Playing Violent Video Games in Teenagers. Psychosomatic Medicine Van Schie, E. G. M. , Wiegman, O. (1997). Children and VideoGames: Leisure Activities, Aggression, Social Integration, and School Performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology.

The Development of Machine Translation Essay Example for Free

The Development of Machine Translation Essay Introduction What is machine translation? Simply put, machine translation is the application of computer text from one natural language into another natural language text translation. The translation climax in the history of China again and again set off, the translation of Buddhist scriptures in the Eastern Han to the Tang and Song dynasties, the Ming and Qing technology translation and the Opium War to the May Fourth Movement to promote the progress of history. Today, the advent of the global information age is the translation climax conditions, requirements, involved in the field of computer science, mathematics, linguistics. However, the science of translation career how? Effects? How we will develop and make progress? In this paper, a review of the development of machine translation, disadvantages, role and prospects of superficial discussion, to answer these questions. i. A history of the development of machine translation The 17th century French philosopher, mathematician Descartes and the German mathematician Leibniz put forward the idea of using the machine dictionary overcome language barriers. In 1946, the worlds first electronic computer was born, after 50 years of development, through the tortuous road success, there are setbacks, presented numerous challenges for researchers. Machine translation potential social and economic benefits, some Western countries as well as Japan and other countries have spent a lot of R D, machine translation into the boom by its start-up period of the trough, the recovery period and make showing unprecedented prosperous and developed. The following is a brief overview of the various periods of its development. That is start-up period (1947 to 1954), Trough period (1954 to 1975), Recovery period (1975 to 1989),Prosperous Period. ii. The problem of machine translation The machine translation prosperity does not mean it does not have any problems. According to statistics, machine translation with human translation, translation accuracy and readability is less than 70%, many ways, there are a large number of problems, yet computer, language experts and machine translation users to jointly overcome. Opened the translation history at a glance the criterion the eyes of the beholder, the wise see wisdom. Three Kingdoms period follow essentially, Gavin ornaments East Jindao An best of Record, not so prejudicial statements were made tour word Tang Xuan Zang, neither shall seek the truth, and shall Yu vulgar to modern Yan Fu, letter the relentless pursuit of Dayak Chinese letter, Fu Lei quite similar , environment of Qian Zhongshu Gu Zhengkun best approximation . Tytlers three principles abroad, the famous translator Nidas dynamic equivalence the the fee Road Rove equivalents, otherwise Gorlee, alleged meaning on qualitative quantity. But are all demanding translation standards. The machine is translated as a translation, of course, should pay attention to the quality of the translation. The translation quality of machine translation can understand and loyalty, it is difficult to achieve the ideal standard. These examples to illustrate (1) The erroneous translation of part of speech and meaning. These problems with the machine error on the part of speech, meaning Discrimination are inseparable. Once the parts of speech in this connection vocabulary to syntax bridge is the wrong resolution, the translation will be wrong. Therefore, it is the wrong resolution mistranslation phenomenon should arouse the attention of machine translation researchers. (2)Adverbial wrong translation Of mistranslation. Such as the num ber and type of vehi2cles be misinterpreted as such a number of types of vehicles. Comparative sentence mistranslation. The earlier a smog alert can be issued, the greater its effectiveness is as it al2low s were wrongly translated: constitutes more time this smoke alarm can be as early as issued, the greater its efficiency as it does allow and the correct translation should be: the sooner the alarm, the greater the role, because it will make the Sketch word mistranslated. Small words, such as articles, conjunctions, English is not fluent in English. Chinese On the contrary, they become redundant, this machine translation can not be a good conversion. On these issues, there have been a lot of research, but always simple description, do not be traced. I believe that the key to these problems is not a simple computer program driving hard to the issue of slavery, but the context of the language itself is not a thorough analysis, we should ponder the question is how to make the machine with minimum knowledge. How to make the long-term accumulated cultural knowledge to penetrate into the machine translation. When they make the machine and from the search context, and in a certain culture play a role in its translation, what will? Mentioned Context, we can get some inspiration from the M alinow ski and Firth, Firth linguists task should be to study the text language phenomenon and its context combination, machine translation is the translation of a natural language another natural language should be set analysis, Discrimination select processing as an integrated process, asked to do , Shindaya. Gave us think of fruitRevelation, the word of the keys on the piano, alone has no effect. Keep context together makes sense. Another factor is the cultural context. Firth social scene decided to play social role social role is limited. Therefore, the social scene is also limited. Event enables the machine translation These limited role in society, the social scene analysis processing, translation will be able to improve the understandability credibility and While this robot suspected, but this is the trend. Since the machine translation represents the high-tech should be a breakthrough in the current information age. ii. The role of machine translation. Machine translation through a saddle-type process, PaulDeposit and flourish, today turned into a tool, the reasonIt is its role in promoting. (1)Promote social progress Human leave no stone unturned to develop and complete a machine. Is translation systems, has developed a translation software, promoted by Economic development, social progress, eliminating the language in the world among people Introduction obstacles, communicate with the entire world. (2) Improve translation efficiency With the machine translation research has improved continuously, the field of translation achieved unprecedented success. In our translation work, We can make use of a variety of translation systems or software to complete the translation task, Samples can improve the speed and accuracy of the translation, translation efficiency. (3) Promote the development of other areas Machine translation to get involved in mathematics, computer science, linguistics, translation Science and other multi-discipline areas need strong development of these disciplines, substantial based on the outcome, so as to promote the development of these areas. Fourth, the outlook on the prospects for machine translation. The birth of the machine translation system, especially to people translation, who brought hope. Although machine translation the understandability and loyalty also not ideal, but if the mathematics, computer science, translation studies and language science and other researchers in the field of work together, will make the machine translation out more beautiful flowers, bear more fruit. Conclusion In the above mentioned, if the context of the language environment and cultural context for consideration in the process of programming, will be able to make the translation discourse stronger language three functions, namely the concept of function, people interpersonal function and textual function was more prominent. It is also the author most would like to suggest, hope, serve role. It should be believed that through the tireless efforts of many researchers make machine translation. Having been properly developed, thus will be able to promote vigorous translation cause development.

GMO Labeling and Dangers

GMO Labeling and Dangers The average American can consume up to 1,996 pounds of food in one year. The initial intent of GMOs was to increase crop yields to meet the demand for the ever growing population. GMOs or (genetically modified organisms) are the results of an organism with the DNA of another organism. So its one organism with the DNA of another or many organisms. This does not occur naturally. GMOs are actually illegal in many countries, because they are not considered safe. GMOs have done nothing but increase crop yields. Since being used they have caused some people to develop allergies and have allergic reactions to the foods they are used in because we have not labeled the foods with GMOs. One of the big debates going on right now is should Genetically Modified Organisms be labeled? A total of three states have passed a law to require GMOs to be labeled. Vermont, connecticut, and Maine were the first of the three states to pass a law requiring GMOs to be labeled. The reason GMOs should be labeled is because many people are allergic to them, and, if they are not labeled, then how can you tell. This could result in severe allergic reactions, some of which could result in death. There are many things that you can do such as scanning the product to find out if it is a GMO, but who wants to spend all evening in the store waiting on your phone to work, and reading to find out when the product could be labeled. Several countries such as China, Australia, and European Union require GMOs to be labeled, currently the united states does not require labeling. Some companies like Campbells, ConAgra, General Mills and many others have already started labeling their products accordin g to Vermonts law. According to The reason GMO food should be voluntarily labeled by the food industry is that it is clear some consumers want to know what they are eating and they have a right to know what is in their food. -(What is GMO?) GMOs should be labeled because we shouldnt have to guess what is in our food. We should be able to read the label and know what is in the food we are eating. Another big question is are GMOs healthy for the environment? GMOs are made with a bunch of chemicals, because they are suppose to be able to resist pests and weather, but when it rains and washes the chemicals off where do they go? They wash off into rivers and lakes and soak into the ground potentially damaging our water supply.. According to Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods, By growing plants or raising livestock in environmental conditions that normally wouldnt support them, there is the potential of irrevocably damaging that environment. This is often seen through GMO crossbreeding. So when experimenting with GMOs such as cross breeding you basically create the need for more GMOs because you contain the environment and only you can plant GMOS there now. GMOs are unhealthy for the environment and dont occur naturally in nature. The foods at high risk for having GMOs in them are, alfalfa, corn, cotton, papaya, soy, sugar beet, yellow summer squash / and zucchini. Glypho sate a chemical found in herbicides that are sprayed on GMOs, is a dangerous chemical that has been linked to a blood cancer, farmers who use these chemicals are at twice the risk. Imagine what these chemicals can do to us as consumers who eat them. Are GMOs even safe for human consumption? A common question usually asked. GMOs can provoke an allergic reaction. According to What Are GMOs? How Are They Affecting Us? [opinion]. The mixing of different types of proteins in food create health hazards and allergic reactions for people eating the foods (What Are GMOs? How Are They Affecting Us?). If we label the foods we would not have to worry about people having allergic reactions because they would not buy or eat the food. Kinda like products made with peanut oil or in a peanut factory we let them know that these foods are made there and have these ingredients. Time and time again, studies have shown that the consumption of GMO foods increase the risks of food-based allergies in people. -(Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods). Not only could people be allergic to GMOs but they could possibly develop an allergy to GMOs. If someone develops an allergy to soy because of GMO efforts, then if livestock eats that GMO soy as well, that person would have a high probability of an allergic reaction from eating the animal meat.-(Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods) So once people develop an allergy to something, and they eat something from an animal that consumed the same thing they are allergic to, they have a chance of having an allergic reaction to it. If we labeled the food with GMOs people would not have to worry about having a allergic reaction, because they would not eat that item. One last question is what is the long term effects of GMOs on the environment. GMOs can contaminate forever. GMOs cross pollinate and their seeds can travel. It is impossible to fully clean up our contaminated gene pool. Self-propagating GMO pollution will outlast the effects of global warming and nuclear waste.(10 Reasons to Avoid GMOs). Once you plant GMOs on a piece of land you can not go and then plant a non GMO because it does not just go away the chemicals stay there. The potential impact is huge, threatening the health of future generations. GMO contamination has also caused economic losses for organic and non-GMO farmers who often struggle to keep their crops pure. (10 Reasons to Avoid GMOs). GMO seeds travel so not only is it affecting the environment it is affecting the farmers who are non GMO farmers. You can not fully clean up a contaminated gene pool meaning you can not clean this stuff up once it affects another farm. If we would not use genetically modified organisms, we would not have to worry about people developing an allergic reaction or having one, we would not have to worry about contaminating the environment, or worrying about ruining other farms who are non GMO. There is no economic value for GMOs. Therefore if we do use them they should be labeled. Work Cited Ewg. Are GMOs Bad for the Environment? EWG, Emily Cassidy , www.ewg.org/agmag/2016/03/are-gmos-bad-environment. Smith, Jeffrey. 10 Reasons to Avoid GMOs. Institute for Responsible Technology, Institute for Responsible Technology, 15 Jan. 2017, responsibletechnology.org/10-reasons-to-avoid-gmos/. What Are GMOs? How Are They Affecting Us?[opinion]. All Africa, 18 Aug. 2016. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOFsw=wu=j020902v=2.1id=GALE%7CA466325870it=rasid=aece6b4fa048ceb72e318aa7c76652a8. Accessed 7 Feb. 2017. What Is GMO? The NonGMO Project, The NonGMO Project, www.nongmoproject.org/gmo-facts/what-is-gmo/. Wpadmin. Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods. HRFnd, HealthReseachFunding.org, 28 Feb. 2016, healthresearchfunding.org/pros-cons-genetically-modified-foods/.

Reservoir Dogs :: essays research papers

1. A cult film. It is a known fact that taste in movies is something that is different for every person. But that doesn’t mean people can’t agree on anything in this matter. Some films capture the hearts of many people all over the world, and are loved and remembered by all. These films deserve a place in history books. We refer to them as ‘Classics’. E.g. Citizen Kane, Casablanca, The Godfather †¦ Of course not all films that are viewed by millions of people are classics. Some film producers like Jerry Bruckheimer are known to produce action-packed, hyped up, commercial films with low artistic value and make billions of dollars. These films are called box office hits, because their main success is at the box office. E.g. Pirates of the Caribbean, American Pie, Titanic †¦ But what exactly is a cult hit? Cambridge advanced learner’s dictionary defines ‘cult’ as someone or something that has become very popular with a particular group of people. What is a particular group of people you might ask. Well the answer to that question can be traced back to the beginning of the art of cinematography. Since the beginning of cinema there have been film fans and film fanatics. The latter were - and still are – those who live and die for movies, people who see five new films a week. These people are what one would call ‘particular’. They are no longer satisfied by the average Hollywood movie. They want something special, something that sets the film above others. But what exactly makes ‘Reservoir Dogs’ a cult film?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Tarantino In January of 1991 a film titled Reservoir Dogs (1992) hit the Sundance Film festival. The writer-director was a first-timer by the name of Quentin Tarantino. The film garnered critical acclaim and the director became a legend in the England, UK and the cult film circuit. The fact that it was directed by Tarantino was enough to make sure this movie would be one. Of course this did not happen over night: after having seen his three first films it became clear that he had some trademarks of his own that made his movies original. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is always a long pointless conversation that is remotely or not at all relevant for the course of the movie. E.g. ‘the Madonna conversation’ in the beginning sequence of ’Reservoir Dogs’, ‘the the differences of European fast food conversation’ in ‘Pulp Fiction’ †¦ †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He always ads a Dutch element to his films:

Safety Features in Automobiles Essay -- Expository Essays Research Pap

Safety Features  in Automobiles "Motor vehicle crashes are the number one killer of Americans under the age of 34. Every 22 minutes someone is killed in a crash" (Vince and Larry). Since 1990, many new safety features have been put into vehicles to help save lives. These features are Antilock brakes, airbags, OnStar, and four-wheel drive or all wheel drive. "One of the best safety features available is anti-lock braking system" (Gillis). Antilock brake system (ABS) is a safety feature that keeps the brakes from locking up so the driver can maintain control over steering and directional stability in situations where the driver has to apply heavy brakes, heavy enough that if the vehicle was not equipped with ABS, the brakes would lock up. ABS is usually engaged on slippery road surfaces, when traction is minimal. If a person's brakes lock up on a slippery surface, then the vehicle could loose steering control and the vehicle could spin. ABS could help a person avoid an accident because it allows a person to maintain steering control of the vehicle (Questions and answers...). In a vehicle not equipped with an antilock brake system, the driver has to manually pump the brakes to keep from sliding. ABS works by sensing each wheel's speed. When the sensors detects that the wheels are about to lock up, the ABS computer automatically changes the amount of brake fluid being sent to each wheel. With ABS engaged, the vehicle will "Maintain optimum braking performance---just short of locking up the wheels." The computer will keep adjusting the brake pressure as the road conditions change (Antilock brake systems ...). The four main parts of an antilock brake system are the speed sensors, the pump, the valves, and the controller. Th... ...ve.htm National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1996). Moving * forward: expanding collaborations between traffic safety and public health. MA. Education Development Center, inc.. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1998). Questions and * answers regarding antilock brake systems (ABS). U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1999). New car safety features. U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2000). Antilock brake * systems (ABS): reading this could be one of the safest things you ever do. U.S. Department of Transportation. OnStar. (2002). What is OnStar: services. Retrieved March 14, 2003, from http://onstar.com/visitors/html/ao_features.htm "Vince and Larry." (1991). Vince and Larry on belts and bags. U.S. Department of Transportation.

Culinary Arts Essay

Culinary Arts is a broad field that contains many different specializations. Culinary Arts is something that will never go away, you have to eat everyday to live and lead a healthy life. Food as we know is essential for the growth and maintenance of the human body. Culinary Arts enhances your knowledge of life skills and cooking. Being in the Culinary Arts career field you have to have a specific set of skills to make delicious appetizing meals. For example you have to follow safe food handling procedures, learn the dos and don’ts of food safety and sanitation. see more:why do you want to be a chef Learning the proper knife skills is one of the first things you learn in culinary arts; knowing the proper cutting techniques. Something I didn’t know about Culinary Arts was that a Pastry Chef is the number one culinary careers. Pastry Chefs are skilled in the making of pastries, desserts, breads and other baked goods. I Chose Culinary Arts because I always aspired to be a chef since I was a child. I’ve always wanted to start my own restaurant or little bakery to show off my culinary skills. My FootPath) Culinary Arts started off as a work of apprenticeship, daughters would learn recipes from their mothers, and traditional recipes passed on through oral history. The first academic Culinary Arts program was started back in 1800. The Boston Cooking School was emphatically popular drawing a vast amount of international students. The Boston Cooking School was founded by the Woman’s Educational Association of Boston. They started the school to offer instruction in cooking to those who wished to earn their livelihood as cooks, or who would make practical use of such information in their families or business. One of Boston’s most famous students was Fannie Merrit Farmer; she published the world’s first cookbook in 1896. â€Å"The Boston Cooking School Cookbook† which is still a reference book for students of Culinary Arts today. Ernie Kovacs hosted the first televised cooking show â€Å"Deadline for Dinner† (aka â€Å"Dead Lions for Breakfast† as Ernie liked to call it). The show premiered on Monday, March 20, 1950 at 3 pm for a half-hour. The show aired on Mondays, Tuesdays and Fridays. (Broad Casting Pioneers) There are millions of people in this world, but what sets individuals apart from one another, it is our personal qualities and characteristics. We come from different backgrounds. However, everyone has one special quality that makes him or, her a unique individual, different from anyone else. For me it’s my passion for cooking. Most people would not consider cooking a quality, but for me it is. Ever since I was a child, watching my grandmother and my great grandmother cook, they are the ones that gave me aspirations to pursue a career as a chef. With the time and effort they put in the kitchen their food is always delicious. I started out at two years old, going to get my grandmother ingredients and her cooking utensils. As she would measure out her ingredients she would let me pour it into what it was she was cooking. I used to stand on a stool just so I could stir the food as it cooked and sometimes when she wasn’t looking I would try to add my own little ingredients. As I got old around four or five that’s when she taught me how to make simple things such as cereal and milk, peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, and sometimes she would get a little advanced and show me how to make soups, desserts and show me some of her special recipes that she wouldn’t show anyone else. Even though I was to young to make them or remember them I felt special because she shared something special to her that she wouldn’t share with anyone else. I would always be the first person up in the morning climbing on the counters like a little monkey getting the cereal off the top of the refrigerator, and getting a two bowls out of the cupboard just so I could make me and my brother breakfast every morning. I was always there when anyone was cooking in the kitchen; I was very curious, ready to learn something new, and ready to give my assistances to anyone who needed it. My favorite foods to cook till this day is desserts, but anything I could get my hands on to cook I surly would no questions asked. I have a clear vision of my career goals, and after high school I will attend the culinary arts program at the Raleigh-Durham Art Institute. There culinary arts program comprises exactly the skills and tools I need to succeed in becoming a Pastry Chef, and starting my entrepreneurship. Because I am determined and focused, I do not need anything more than the training and education the Art Institutes will provide. I have visited there campus and viewed some of their classes, they have a extraordinary culinary arts program. They focus mainly on cooking; The Art Institute does not waste time on classes that won’t help you excel in life, that’s why I know The Art Institute is the perfect school for me to shine and show off my culinary skills. First, because I know exactly how I want to apply my new skills, I do not need any extraneous courses. The Art Institute program perfectly reflects my own pragmatism and professional sensibility because it is focused and directly related to my goals. Second, I do not want to alter my lifestyle by engaging in a four-year program. I want to incorporate this education into my life seamlessly and smoothly. The Culinary Arts program will allow me to express myself creatively and professionally in the field of my choice. This program offers practical education and training that I can immediately apply to the workplace, preferably as a Pastry-chef in my own restaurant. The Art institute provides a seven-quarter culinary arts program, which prepares their students for various careers in the food industry field. The program includes simulated situations and real-world production applications in the dining lab and in internship environments. The Art Institute focuses on enabling there students to be well-rounded citizens by offering them a few general study classes in the culinary program. The Art Institute has a steep tuition which is 42,570 a year. Apply for financial Aid, and scholarships will cut down the tuition expense. There are also three other fees that include books and digital resources, program fees, and room and board if you plan on living on campus. This all together adds up to a total of 29,410 in addition to the tuition. This is assuming that I would do the four year program in earning my bachelors degree. Even though the expenses are lofty I still aspire to attend The Art Institute. (The Art Institute of Raleigh-Durham) The Art Institute has a career service department that provides assistance in employment, career counseling, and professional development. Their staff helps students and graduates network, cultivate, explore career opportunities, and provides individualized job search assistance. Many students choose to seek part-time employment while they attend school. This employment is an excellent opportunity to make industry contacts while building a portfolio of work. The Art Institute is the all around perfect school, you gain an astounding education, along with individual assistance with finding a job while your attending school, or after you completed the culinary program.

Mark Twain †Racism †Huckleberry Finn Essay

Mark Twain depicts an apprehension to racisms through the character Huckleberry Finn. He is a white young boy who comes in contact with the conditions of slavery at a relatively early age. The author allows him to feel uncomfortable with the very process by which humans are classified in civil society. This view is based on how Twain created the institution of slavery to be established at the time. Twain in emphasizing his views allow his character to be confronted by situations which would force him to think about slavery and the face of racism. The young man is pressured by his own father’s harsh racist belief as depicted in the election scene, â€Å"It was ‘lection day, and I was just about to go and vote myself if I warn’t too drunk to get there; but when they told me there was a State in this Country where they’d let a nigger vote, I drawed out. † (Echeat, 2010)Twain creates the paradox between father and son to highlight where he stood on racism. Mark Twain-Racism-Tom Sawyer Surprisely, even though Mark Twain’s Adventures of Tom Sawyer includes a character named Huckleberry Finn as is represented in The Adventures of HucleburyFinn the role designation is entirely different. Huckleberry Finn plays a supportive role in allowing Tom to complete his mischiefs. The author displayed very little interest of projecting a race issues his that society. Its only emergence was flashed as a minor development in the story was in the killing of Dr Robinson by a Native American, However, there were no direct racial insinuations in the account, ‘ In the scuffle, Injun Joe stabs Dr. Robinson with Potter’s knife†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Native-American â€Å"half-breed† Injun Joe. ’(Sparknotes, 2010) To conclude It can be presumed that the time when Huckleberry Finn was written racism was Mark Twain’s major sociological concern. On the other hand with Tom Sawyer he was viewing morals from the perspective of parental authority and how social groups interact. REFERENCE â€Å"Racism in Huckleberry finn. † www. echeat. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 May 2010. . â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. † www. sparknotes. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 May 2010. .

Gay marriage speech Essay

Today the topic that is up for debate is gay marriage I will be arguing that gay marriage should be allowed in Australia. My name is Santika I hope that I will be able to show you why gay marriage should be allowed in Australia. I will now define what gay is the meaning of gay is when a person man or women like the same sex. I’ll define what marriage means the meaning of marriage is when two people commit their love in front of friends and family. They become one and if your religious confess their love to god. I will prove to you why gay marriage should be allowed by giving you reasons that will hopefully convince you. Last year the government had said that the gays could get married in Canberra over the weekend and so they did only to have their marriages annulled. 5 days later by the government which is wrong. Because there wasting valuable money on a trip that wouldn’t have been worth it. I’m going to show you statistics on how may people would care if gays could get legally married or not. 64% percent of people say yes to it that’s more then half of the country saying yes so why can’t it happen. It isn’t fair on them because all they want is the same equal rights. But the government doesn’t want to allow it because they don’t see it as being right which is completely unfair. Another point I wish to make is the mardi gras festival if our country can have a festival dedicated to the gays. Why can’t we allow same sex marriage what is the point in this festival I mean the festival shows our government is supporting gays? It is completely wrong and our government should consider allowing same sex marriage. My final point I’m going to make on this issue is that there are a number priests and minsters who support gay marriage. Now as most people would think people of the church are against this issue as the bible. supposedly says that gay people are not allowed and that it’s wrong but surprisingly they support it. Now if people who worship god and don’t get married for god can accept this. Then our government should be able to support it and give  it the go ahead. Just to recap everything I think the government should allow same sex marriage if more then half of this country can do it. If we have a festival for it and priest and minsters that support it then it should be allowed.

Psychology Lab Ted Bundy

Ted Bundy screamed in horrible pain and pleaded his innocence as he was killed by the electric chair. He was so evil that he tried to use one of his victims to try to stop the killing. This plan failed and we all saw how evil he truly was. The government considers Ted Bundy a serial killer, rapist, kidnapper, and necrophilia. He assaulted and murdered many women and young girls through the says.Some people believe Ted Bundy may have started sooner. Ted Bundy spent almost a decade declining that he killed people. After a long period of time Ted confessed to thirty homicides. These thirty deaths spread over seven states in the United States. Since Bundy s death the total number of casualties has risen to thirty-five. Ted Bundy personality is believed to be affected by his life as a child. Ted Bundy was raised with the belief that his grand parents were his parents. He was also told his mother was his older sister. Because of this Bundy was known as awkward or weird around girls in scho ol.He always said he had trouble building long-term relationships. As a child he was very intrigued in the idea of sex and violence. Because of his good looks Bundy succeeded in college. He became obsessed with a girl named Stephanie Brooks. Brooks did not feel the same way back this resulted in her and Bundy breaking up. This affected Bundy greatly, he dropped out of college by the break up. With bad anxiety and anger toward women this is what drove him to madness. I believe this is what became the fuel that made Bundy kill. This feeling of rejection is what Bundy never forgot.For the Essence model I believe Ted Bundy fits the role of a Melancholic person. He was very quite and for the most part very unsociable. He was reserved most of the time. To add to this he also showed crazy mood swings and signs that he was very anxious. What is crazy about Ted Bundy is that he fits in to of the categories in the Essence model. He also fits the category as a Phlegmatic person. When he was tr ying to get women. He was passive and very peaceful. He seemed like a calm and great guy. He would later become very thoughtful with his planning in capturing women.He would also control them and manipulate them to the end. Ted Bundy I believe featured two of the five personality traits. I believe he has Openness, Conscientiousness. Ted Bundy had openness because openness involves sensitivity and attentiveness to inner feelings as well as intellectual curiosity. Believe Ted Bundy was a very closed and to him self- person. On the flip side he was very open and caring person when around women. He falls into the Conscientiousness category because he had a good eye at being careful and seemed like he always wanted to do a task well.Ted Bundy always showed this trait throughout his entire life. He found a way to cover up multiple murders for long periods of time. To do this you need to be very crazy but also very cleaver. From doing the classroom assignments before this paper I believe T ed Bundy has Bipolar Disorder or better described as Manic Depression. Ted Bundy could go from very happy and open to very closed and quit in seconds. Being able to do this so easily and so often believe he has Bipolar Disorder. To add to the Bipolar I also believe he was Manic Depressed.I believe cause of his young life and how his childhood happened I think this is why he went down this path. These disorders are what lead Ted Bundy from a candidate for a Governor position to one of the greatest killers in United States History. I believe multiple Situational influences affected Ted Bundy. Being lied to all of his childhood greatly affected him. His sister being later revealed to be his mother Was also a major blow in Ted Bundy s life. What think really pushed him off the edge was his break up with his girlfriend Stephanie Brooks. Brooks was the love of his life.Bundy was so obsessed with her that he grossly exaggerated his own accomplishments. By 1968 she broke up with him because she believed he was not good husband material. This broke Bunny's heart and this obsession drove his life for years. If I could plan a therapy for Ted Bundy I would have him locked up in a Psychiatric ward for six months so we can observe and diagnose him. After we diagnose him we will have a therapist talk to him six times a week to work on his past problems. The problems we will be focusing on his you childhood life and the reality that his mother is his older sister.Another place of concern is the break up of his high school sweetheart Stephanie Brooks. These are the points would focus on so we can tackle the real reason why Ted Bundy became one of the greatest killers in the history of the United States. To help rehabilitate Ted Bundy he will be placed in a Half way house for multiple years. The meetings with the therapist will decrease to five times a week. In Tee's spare time he will be writing and explaining why he thinks he killed multiple women. After this confession Ted w ill be given mood stabilizers to work on his bipolar behavior.To add to the stabilizers he will also be given multiple anti depressants to work on tackling his huge depression problem. The odds of Ted Bundy healing fully are slim to none. I believe that his time in a horrible state of mind will be to hard to fix with medication and work with a therapist. Do believe he will show signs of growth but he will revert back to his old mindset. I do believe that Ted Bundy can become a man who understands what he did was wrong and he needs to change. But I don't believe he will ever become good enough to live in the real world among normal people.

Being Independent

Most people like to believe that they are independent-free of a pack, their own person, unswayable by peer pressure. Is this actually true? Some philosophers and sociologists actually believe that there is wisdom in crowds and that many people are guided through life by a sense of wanting to belong. So which is actually true? How many times have you heard the sentence Im an individual, just like everybody else! Or My friends and I are all individuals. We just agree a lot. The fact of the matter is that most people seek out a crowd or a tribe of like minded people to belong to. The sentence Im an individual just like everybody else is just about as popular as the idea that no man is an island. When it comes to independence, many people try to strike a balance. In America, children and adults alike seek out like minded individuals to form alliances with. These friendships and relationships are based on a common philosophy or ideology and while this sameness is the reason for the bond, the individual parties struggle to retain their individual independence. This can often lead to a sociological kind of nomad-ness as people drift from group to group trying to find the best fit for themselves. Politically speaking, independence is what happens when a new nation is formed and declares itself free of the laws and rules of the country that it used to belong to. The United States declared its Independence from England a couple of centuries ago, Bolivia declared its independence form the Ottoman Empire-the list of independence declarations is as long as history itself. Much like individuals, nations that declare their independence immediately try to model their rules and regulations upon other models that they admire. They build themselves up while searching for other nations to form allegiances with-nations that they can trade with, fight with and, ultimately, live with in harmony. Even in a broad sense, the need to belong and forge relationships wins out over complete independence. There is not one nation that does not interact with the rest of the globe in at least a few capacities. The truth of the matter is that political independence is starting to slowly become less important. While each nation wants to retain an individual identity, thanks to things like global trade and the free exchange of ideas, the relationships between nations are getting tighter. Many people call this the shrinking of the world as individual nations give up their independence to be a part of the global community. In conclusion, it looks like true independence isnt true at all. Independence is declared in a number of degrees-a need to retain ones individual sense of self while still belonging to a group. Nobody wants to be left alone completely. Even those who say that they are more comfortable spending time alone still have a few relationships that they rely on. For more information on independence, visit  http://

Personal Experience with Ageism and Adultism Essay

Personal Experience with Ageism and Adultism - Essay Example The essay "Personal Experience with Ageism and Adultism" talks about the age as a factor that distinguishes individuals in the society. To begin with, when I was young, during my third-grade year, my elder brother, who was in twelfth grade at the time, and his friends once discussed an issue which all of them seemed quite unaware of. Their discussion was mainly marred by speculation and imagination of what a new education policy was about and the implication it would have on the education system. Even though I was not part of the discussion, I was sitting with them in the living room, and had an upper hand over them, having watched the broadcast about the policy and its implication on national television. They kept arguing speculatively with one of them particularly explaining a completely distorted version of the policy to the rest. At some point, I joined in the discussion, giving the true version of the policy and its implication just as I had watched on television. They took it t o another side of the argument, giving it little attention, maybe because it did not come from one of their peers, and more so, it had come from a younger person whom they did not seem to believe had the command on such matters. Even after I had told them that I had watched it on national television, they still ignored my version and continued with the argument using their own speculated versions. As the debate continued and after I had given up on convincing them, my father arrived in the house and found the debate raging on.