Descartes s Meditations On The Existence Of God - 929 Words

Descartes sets out in his meditations to prove that something exists beyond any doubt. He determines that the only way to prove anything outside of his mind is to prove the existence of his idea of God. The ideas that come from his process are interesting, but he doesn’t prove the existence of God is undeniable. Several arguments Descartes uses to claim God exists, don’t hold up to what he has proved up to that point in his meditations. The first being his use of the causal principle on which the rest of his argument seems to rely. Descartes begins the meditations in an effort to wipe out previous knowledge and rebuild it only on knowledge he can know without a doubt. Going through all he believes and deciding if he should still believe is too arduous a task so he goes through several steps and determines that everything can be doubted, even the science and mathematics we know. First he says we can’t trust what we know from our senses because they can deceive us, for example feeling a hat on your head after you remove it. He then says there is no way for him to believe any event because he could be dreaming. Sometimes when he dreams he thinks he’s awake so he knows his mind can’t tell the difference. Descartes remembers his idea of God and realizes God can do anything, including deceive him about what he thinks is real. He decides a perfect God wouldn’t deceive, so he imagines an evil genius creating us and deceiving us at all times. Now, he can put all previous knowledgeShow MoreRel atedThomas Aquinas vs. Descarates Essays673 Words   |  3 PagesAQUINA’S V. DESCARATES Meditation III Several hundred years ago, two great philosophers Thomas Aquinas’s and Rene Descartes used the method of ontological argument for the existence of God and used intuition and reason alone to get to each other’s theory. Rene Descartes wrote out several mediations, but the one we’re going to touch base on is meditation III that he wrote in the 1600’s; While Thomas Aquinas’s wrote his five proofs of God in 1270 that specifies God’s existence in each proof; the oneRead MoreDescartes Belief in God Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes and God In his groundbreaking work, Meditations on First Philosophy, the French philosopher Rene Descartes lays the groundwork for many philosophical principles by attempting to â€Å"establish a bold and lasting knowledge† (171)1. The foundations for knowledge Descartes established would go on to influence a plethora of other philosophers and philosophical works. Descartes argues in his meditations first from the point of view of complete skepticism, using skepticism as a tool in order toRead MoreEssay about Descartes First Meditation924 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes#8217; first meditation, his main objective is to present three skeptical arguments to bring doubt upon what he considers his basic beliefs. Descartes believes this to be an intricate part of his complete epistemological argument. Descartes skeptical arguments are not intended to be a denial of his basic beliefs. On the contrary, he uses these arguments to help prove one of his main theses, which is the existence of God. One of the main premises that Descartes uses in his proof forRead MoreThe On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes1699 Words   |  7 PagesIn his work Meditations on First Philosophy, published in 1641, Renà © Descartes sets out to establish a set of indubitable truths for the sciences. He begins by discarding all of his beliefs, then works to rebuild his beliefs based on careful thought. Descartes clearly states this goal, saying in the First Meditation, â€Å"I will work my way up†¦ I will accomplish this by putting aside everything that admits of the least doubt† (I, 17). He is able to establish his own existence, but struggles to move beyondRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1080 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout Rene Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, God is not mentioned until the third meditation. Descartes point of view on God simply claims his existence through the act of being. According to his claim, God must, essentially, exist as well as being an outcome of His own creation. Descartes was greatly interested in the idea that God’s being promoted an external force that controlled all beings that supported his presence. Descartes declarations, presented in his Meditations on First PhilosophyRead MoreDescartes’ Cogito Argument Successfully Shows the Evil Demon Argument is Unsound888 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Descartes’ Cogito argument successfully show that the Evil Demon Argument is unsound? In this essay I will attempt to show that the philosopher, Renà ¨ Descartes’ Cogito Argument successfully proves the Evil Demon Argument to be unsound. By an analysis of the structure of the arguments and what they prove, I will show the evil demon argument to be unsound. An argument is unsound when the premises as false and the argument is invalid. This analysis of both structure and content will eventuateRead MoreThe Meditations On First Philosophy1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Meditations on First Philosophy gives us with an assumed evidence for the existence of God those progresses from the existence of an idea of an unlimited existence in the human mind—an idea of God—to the being of God himself. Insofar as we have an idea of an unlimited existence, an idea with â€Å"infinite independent reality†, we can reasonably ask when it arrived to us. The only thinkable reason of this impression, prerogatives Descartes, is an countless existence, explicitly, God. The manifestationRead MoreThe Meditations By Rene Descartes1384 Words   |  6 PagesRenà © Descartes main goal in the Meditations is to establish that one exists and that a perfect God exists. However, he first argues that the idea that everything perceived around one could be false because the senses are sometimes deceiving. In the first Meditation, Descartes introduces skepticism and brings forth a method of doubt in which he evaluates his beliefs, and questions whether they are true or false and why they should be doubted. He presents various hypothesis that prove there is reasonRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes Theory Of God Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesbelief of God in conceptual value has been imbued in the heart of the human race as a core valve in man’s history. From antiquity to contemporary modernism, there has always been a diversified integration composed of believers and non-believers of God. The assemblage of those who have â€Å"pledged their al legiance† to God foster a like-minded relation to one religious group or another. On the other hand, â€Å"rationalist - freethinkers† as I would like to call them, postulate the perception of God to be inexplicableRead MoreWilliam Robertson Smith, A Scottish Orientalist, Old Testament1692 Words   |  7 PagesThe god can no more exist without his people than the nation without its god. This quote means that the amount of belief that people have on God reflects on how much hope God has for a nation. This quote ties into various discussions that have been going on for a long time, and that is whether or not God exists. A well known philosopher who shares his view on this argument would be Rene Descartes who says, I think therefore I am. This assertion has come to be known as the cogito. Descartes struggled

The Unethicality of the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study

Jewish, Nazi, Tuskegee, Willowbrook Studies Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study The 1962-63 Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study was unethical because the presiding physician, Chester M. Southam, injected live cancer cells into twenty-two chronically ill, non-cancer patients without their written consent. Southam attempted to justify his actions (not informing his patients) by stating that he did not wish to stir up any unnecessary anxieties in the patients who had phobia and ignorance about cancer (Standler, 1997). Southam was put on probation for 1 year after being found guilty of fraud/deceit and unprofessional conduct by the New York State medical licensing board. This study could be done ethically if a terminally ill but lucid patient volunteered to have cancer cells injected into his/her body for a scientific study. Some have argued that important information related to the way in which, and the rapidity in which, cancer cells metastases has been obtained by this study. But this has been highly debated (Standler, 1997). Nazi Experiments Nazi experiments and its Japanese counterpart (Unit 731) were unethical because it involved the abuse and torture of a subjugated people. In the case of Germany it was Jews, Pols, and the disabled who were exploited for nefarious reasons against their will. In Japan, it was the Chinese and residents of other Sino-Japanese countries that were abused, tortured, and maltreated. No, the Nazi experiments

Hcs 245 Culture and Disease Paper Free Essays

Culture and Disease Paper – Malaria Erin E. Nelson HCS 245 September 5, 2011 Andrea Dale Culture and Disease Paper – Malaria It tropical and sub-tropical climates temperature, humidity, and rainfall work together to create a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are a host for communicable diseases one in particular is called malaria. We will write a custom essay sample on Hcs 245 Culture and Disease Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Malaria is a parasitic disease that infects a particular type of mosquito, Anopheles mosquitoes, which feeds on humans. People who get malaria are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness. Although malaria can be a deadly disease, illness and death from malaria can usually be prevented (Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010) Individuals living in climates that support the life cycle of these mosquitoes are more at risk than those who do not. If temperatures fall below 68 degrees Fahrenheit the mosquitoes cannot complete their growth cycle. Africa, parts of South America and Asia have incurred the majority of the malaria epidemic (Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). I this paper I will cover: populations vulnerable to malaria, factors that make these populations vulnerable, modes of transmission, methods used to control the spread of malaria, the role of social/cultural influences and share community health promotion and wellness strategies. In particular young children and pregnant women are more at risk for contracting malaria. Young children have not built up or acquired immunity to the disease and without immunity infections are more severe and life threatening (The World Health Organization Staff, 2010). More than 40% of the world’s children live in places where malaria is a constant threat. Most children die from malaria because they do not get effective treatment† (Episcopal Relief and Development Staff, 2009). Pregnant women have compromised immune systems due to the pregnancy leaving them at risk. Also individuals suffering from other diseases such as HIV, malnutrition and anemia are vulnerable (Global Health – Divis ion of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). The parasite that causes malaria infects two hosts: the female Anopheles mosquitoes and humans (Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). The mosquito is essentially unharmed, unscathed, from the parasite but acts as a vector and transmits the disease from human to human each time it feeds. The parasites are found in the mosquitoes’ salivary glands; it injects the saliva when feeding, and passes the parasite on to its â€Å"meal†. While the parasite is in humans it moves through the blood where its transferred to the liver. The parasite makes a home in the human’s liver and in the red blood cells it grows. The life cycle continues in each red blood cell, destroying them and creating daughter parasites (Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). In order to control the spread of malaria scientists created antibiotics to cure the ailment to help minimize the spread of the disease. Chloroquine was the first antibiotic created by german scientist, Han Andersag, in 1946. A German chemistry student, Othmer Zeidler, synthesized DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) in 1874 but the insecticide properties were not discovered until 1939 (Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). It was used by soldiers to keep mosquitoes away so they would not contract typhus and malaria will on the battle field. The CDC (Communicable Disease Center) was created as a new component of the U. S. Public Health Service and has been working to combat Malaria since 1946. The new center was the direct successor of the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas, an agency established in 1942 to limit the impact of malaria and other vector-borne diseases (Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). Another mode of prevention is proper medication and insecticide while traveling in areas that are highly saturated in mosquitoes and reported cases of malaria. † Every year, millions of US residents travel to countries where malaria is present (Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). About 1,500 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States annually, mostly in returned travelers† (Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). Malaria risk is not distributed homogeneously throughout all countries. Some destinations have malaria transmission occurring throughout the whole country, while in others it occurs in defined pockets so the traveler should be weary of areas whose climate is conducive to mosquitoes. The WHO Global Malaria Programme is responsible for evidence-based policy and strategy formulation, technical assistance, capacity building, malaria surveillance, onitoring and evaluation, and coordination of global efforts to fight malaria. WHO is also a co-founder and hosts the Roll Back Malaria partnership, which is the global framework to implement coordinated action against malaria (The World Health Organization Staff, 2010). The CDC participates actively in global malaria efforts through work with the WHO, Roll Back Malaria Part ners, UNICEF, and more in the fight to keep the epidemic at bay (Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases , 2010). Conclusion Malaria is a very contagious parasite transmitted through mosquitoes to humans. Those at risk are individuals living in areas conducive to the breeding of mosquitoes, especially those that allow the mosquitoes to complete their growth cycle. Everyone is at risk especially with the numbers of travelers increasing the risk of the traveler bringing it home to the states is probable. Preventable measures have been created such as DDT in insect repellant and antibiotics. The epidemic has ceased in the States but continues to be a problem in Africa and Asia. References Episcopal Relief and Development Staff. (2009). Malaria FAQs. Retrieved September 3, 2011, from NETSFORLIFE: http://www. netsforlifeafrica. org/malaria/malaria-faqs Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases . (2010, February 28). Malaria. Retrieved September 3, 2011, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www. cdc. gov/malaria/about/disease. html The World Health Organization Staff. (2010, April). Malaria Center. Retrieved September 3, 2011, from World Health Center: http://www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/index. html How to cite Hcs 245 Culture and Disease Paper, Papers

Leadership Style Nissan Company Case Study

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Stylefor Nissan Company Case Study. Answer: Introduction Organizational behavior refers to the study of the behaviour of employees in the organization (Stahl and Brannen, 2013, p. 22). This is different behavior which is different from the personal behaviour which is portrayed by the individuals when outside the organization setting. Organizational behavior is determined by certain factors such leadership, motivation, job satisfaction and opportunities for career development among others (George, 2015, p.1). This task focuses on the leadership style of Carlos Ghosn, a CEO of Nissan company whose leadership style transformed the company which was operating on losses to become profitable. This was highly attributable to his renowned transparency, analytical and listening skills. Nissan Company Case Overview Nissan Company had been making consecutive losses before Carlos Ghosn took over its leadership. This was caused by poor management and producing above capacity. When Carlos took over as the CEO of Nissan, the first step he took was to identify why the company was making losses. The reasons he identified were: lack of focus on profits, lack of customer focus; there was no sense of urgency, the absence of a clear vision and the existence of silos. Another problem that Ghosn identified was the seniority system. Employees promotion and pay depended on how long they had stayed in the firm which denied young people an opportunity to promote their talent which would be of benefit to the organization (Stahl Brannen, 2013, p.495). To overcome this Ghosn had to use a leadership style that would transform the organization. Ghosn Leadership Styles Analysis The leadership styles portrayed and adopted by the various leaders vary from one to dispute to another. The scholars argue that effective leadership style should be flexible to enable the leaders to make decisions in various situations (Renault, 2015, p. 6). The flexibility of the leadership style facilitates the leader to lead effectively and influence his or her subordinates in achieving the objectives of the organization. Similarly, Ghosn seems to adopt appropriate and suitable leadership styles the got each stakeholder in attaining the core goals of the company. Alternatively, the CEO showed appreciation of other managers in the lower radar and always considered their opinions when making decisions. Ghosn leadership style was that of transparency, simplicity, and consistency. Ghosn communication was simple, and his facts were clear when trying to convince the managers of the need for change. This made them understand clearly on the important steps that they needed for reviving the company. Ghosn was perceived to be open and transparent, and this made him be entrusted as the final decision maker after discussions with the executive committee. Consistency was an attribute that Ghosn considered important, and this enabled him to stay focused on his duties. For instance whatever he said to the press was what he said even in a one-on- one meeting. According to Barmeyer and Mayhofer (2015, p.348), leader's simple communication with his or her subordinates makes him approachable. This leads to development good relationship between the leaders, and thus they can share any information which they feel it may be good for the progress of the organization. Another leadership style used by Ghosn was that of simple formality. He was friendly to employees and listened to their opinions and was never aggressive with people since he considered their emotions and convictions. Ghosn considered specific actions and had clear timelines. Subordinates of Ghosn understood that they had to meet their targets and commitments even though the system was flexible. Showing off the employees' appreciation improves their motivation, and as a result, the overall performance of the organization improves (Stahl and Brannen, 2013, p. 498). In his leadership style, Ghosn identified the importance of the company having realistic ambitions, the need to stretch its goal and to offer a fair reward to the employees. Ghosn challenged people to work harder beyond their limits. This made the employees realize that they were capable of doing more. However, he was realistic about the capability of the workers. Ghosn ensured that the goals set were met by being demanding which kept the employees focused on their tasks. Ghosn believed that high return should be compensated with a rise in salaries and this motivated employees to work harder (Stahl Brannen, 2013, p.497). Ghosn used hands-on delegation in his leadership style. He was close to the operations, and his ability to go deeper into details concerning operations was unique. He was the head of different committees in the organization in which he participated in decision making. He delegated duties depending on the on the confidence he had in person and he would set clear targets and would meet with the person on a regular basis. If he lacked confidence in someones ability, he would not fully delegate the task until he got to the root of the problem (Stahl Brannen, 2013, p.500). Another leadership style that Ghosn applied was work/life balance. He did not work while at home and did not attend meetings scheduled on weekends. His leadership style showed that he valued his family. This helped him to strike a balance between work and family since leaders who fail to achieve this lack motivation leading to deterioration of their professional and personal lives. Ghosn practiced global leadership while working for Nissan. He had experiences from difference nationalities, and this enabled him to be conversant with different styles of communication. This enabled Ghosn to develop a leadership style which was consistent but flexible across various cultures. This helped in the publicity of Nissan Company which portrayed the company in a positive light (Barmeyer and Mayhofer, 2015, p.348). Conclusion The leadership style applied by Ghosn transformed Nissan to be one the most profitable companies. He understood that organization behaviour was paramount in any organization hence had to come up with ways to help in setting up an organization structure that was conducive for employees to work in. He realized that employees had to change their mentality towards work by encouraging them to perform above their capacity. He emphasized on the need to reward them fairly by increasing the returns to their work if they worked above their capacity which led to the transformation of Nissan Company. References Ahmadjian, C., 2015, July. Surviving the Ghosn Shock: The Effect of Institutional Logics on Buyer-Supplier Tie Dissolution and Creation in the Japanese Automotive Industry, 1984-2005. In 27th Annual Meeting. Sase. Barmeyer, C. and Mayrhofer, U., 2015. Case study III RenaultNissanDaimlars. International Business Strategy: Theory and Practice, p.348. George, E., 2015. The Novel Designed Car for Future. Advances in Automobile Engineering, 4(1), p.1. Ignatius, A. and Ghosn, C., 2016. Making the Car a Mobile, Connected Workspace. Lephart, T.S. and Kleiner, B., 2015. Excellence in Team Leadership. Journal of International Diversity, 2015(4). Lucas, H., 2013. Carlos Ghosn: Multicultural leader as CEO of Nissan and Renault. Docs. School Publications. Mohapatra, S. and Roy, S., 2015. Renault, Duster. 2015: dusting away competition or facing a dust storm? Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 5(2), pp.1-18. Stahl, G.K. and Brannen, M.Y., 2013. Building cross-cultural leadership competence: An interview with Carlos Ghosn. Academy of Management Learning Education, 12(3), pp.494-502.

The Chocolate War Essays - The Chocolate War,

The Chocolate War The Chocolate War The Chocolate War is a book written by Robert Cormier. It is about a teenaged boy named Jerry and his life as an individual at an all boys catholic school called Trinity. Every year the school sells chocolates to raise money. Every student is meant to sell fifty boxes, and they all do, except for Jerry. Jerry was forced not to sell the chocolates for 10 days by the Vigils, a school gang. At first that's what he planned to do, but as the 10 days went on, Jerry started to feel control over his life and decided to continue not to sell. By doing so, Jerry disobeyed the Vigils and made them look like a bunch of fools. Jerry is a fourteen year old freshman at Trinity. He is 5?9' and 145 pounds. He plays football for the school team. His mother just recently died of cancer and he lives alone with his father. While dealing with his mothers death, Jerry felt that he had absolutely no power or control over his life, that is until he stood up to the Vigils by refusing to sell chocolates. Archie is a part of the Vigils. He plays the role of the assignor. For this job he has to select students and give them assignments. In this case, He assigned Jerry the duty of not selling chocolates for 10 days. Archie is a very powerful and manipulative person and he can turn someone against another in the blink of an eye; Just like when Jerry prolonged his assignment. In the following paragraphs, it will be showed how Archie turned Jerry from a hero, to an outcast and finally, to a victim. Jerry became a hero to all in Trinity. A hero by definition being a man or boy admired for his bravery, great deeds or noble qualities. In this case they looked up to him for his bravery to stand up to Brother Leon and refuse to sell the chocolates, something they all had wanted to do, but never had the guts. For example, in roll call on the first day of the chocolate sales Brother Leon went through each boys name and they were to answer yes or no. Yes meaning they would sell the chocolates and no meaning they wouldn't. Every single boy said yes, except for Jerry, he said no. Brother Leon didn't just let him be, he put pressure on him, tried to make him feel badly about not selling, tried to make him feel guilty. It didn't work though, Jerry stood his ground and stuck be his original answer, NO. At first Jerry's motif not to sell the chocolates was just the assignment given to him by the Vigils, but soon after, that changed. Jerry started to feel control over his life, he started to feel like an individual for once. He also had become recognized by the school as a rebel, and as a leader. For example, Jerry was on the bus and this person he's never talked to before sat down beside him and said, -?Hey, Renault, you got guts, know that ?Boy, you really let Leon that bastard have it. Beautiful.? People he'd never talked to were looking up to him, he couldn't back down after ten days, nor did he want to, so he continued not to sell chocolates, even after his assignment was finished. Jerry's fame didn't last long after he disobeyed the Vigils, due to Archie's ways, Jerry soon became an outcast. An Outcast by definition being a person or animal cast out from home and friends, friendless. When Jerry continued his refusal, he made a mockery of the Vigils, something no one else has ever done. He also unknowingly set the Vigils up for some trouble. The Vigils had made a deal with Brother Leon to support the chocolate sales, and with Jerry standing up for himself like that, things couldn't go on for the better. Other people were bound to follow in his footsteps and that wouldn't be a good thing. Archie had to come up with something quick, so he decided to take charge put Jerry on the spot. The Vigils somehow made chocolate selling the

Minority Interest essays

Minority Interest essays The term minority interest in the balance sheet of Eastman Kodak appears in the balance sheet as reported by all the major sources. The term is used with a meaning not common in most other applications. In the financial world, the term minority is normally used to mean a group of shareholders who are not associated with the group who are running the company. Often enough this group is just interested in the dividends and other benefits that they can get from the company. Some companies also give large and regular dividends, and this stops the price of the share from increasing very much. These shares are termed in the stock market as "widow's shares" as a person can depend on them for regular income. However, any share will normally declare a dividend, as that is seen as one of the obligations of the managers of the company. The dividend normally does not yield as much as fixed deposits in financial institutions as the shareholder can earn much more through the appreciation of the share price and selling it when the prices are high after having bought the share when the prices were low. This is the expected action of the "investors". In the case of Eastman Kodak, the term minority interest is shown against the declaration under the heading of liabilities, but not under current liabilities, and along with mortgages, deferred taxes/income, convertible debt, long term debt, non-current capital leases, and other non-current liabilities. In short this is viewed as a long term liability to the minority shareholders. The important point to note is that the figure for this has been shown as N/A for the year ended 31st December 2003, whereas for all earlier years from 1999, this has been shown as 0. The total number of shares outstanding is also not shown. Is it be...

Internet Addiction from an Economic Perspective Essay

Internet Addiction from an Economic Perspective - Essay Example The data collected provided the necessary information to analyze different sections and combine the data in different ways to determine if any of the participants are likely to show symptoms of Internet addiction. The results of the study are outlined and figures and tables are included to offer more insight into the way the study was conducted. From the introduction of computers to the continued advancements in technology, the use of the Internet and social networking sites have continued to grow. The technology age went through several changes throughout the past half a century. The technology innovation phase began in 1964 until 1974. By 1975 computers were being introduced into the educational arena as the institutional phase took over from 1975 through 1995. This was the introduction of computers to school age students and those who were interested got in on the ground floor. By 1996 the commercialization phase had pushed through the country and is continuing today stronger than ever (Laudon & Traver, 2012). With such an emphasis being placed on the use of the Internet and many businesses and organizations incorporating technology into the daily routine, to keep up with the business market that has now gone global, it’s no wonder the Internet has become an addictive tool. This paper will look at the background of the problem of Internet use and the possibility of the addiction that is portrayed by some users as they forgo regular normal daily routine to remain connected to the Internet for social purposes, gaming experiences, and surfing and shopping the Internet. The problem and purpose will be itemized and outlined for clarity. The sample group will be discussed and the criteria for choosing the participants, how many will be included in the study, reasons for exclusion, and other demographics necessary to fully outline the research sample group. The research significance for why the study is being done, along with the nature of the study that pro vides details of the study that help form the parameters for the collection of data. A review of the literature and narrowed topics selectively included in this section will provide a past, present, and future of the pending problem of Internet addiction. The research method of using qualitative and quantitative styles to collect pertinent information will be included, as well as the actual research questions, interview questions, survey questions, and observational data. Data collection will be itemized and categorized in this paper to allow easy access and clarity of the subject and analyzed outcomes. Internal and external validity will be explained and the results of the study provided. By covering all of the sections within this paper, the reader will be able to follow the progress of the study. Background of Problem Addiction has been defined in the past as a substance that alters a person’s reactions to normal daily routine or thought process (Tomer, 2001). At first, th e state of addiction was centered on the use of illegal drugs. The scope was then